CLIMATE APPLICATIONS: Climate change detection (Ringer and Healy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2008; Lackner et al., J. Clim., 2011; Steiner et al. Radio Sci., 2011; Ao and Hajj, J. Geophys. Res., 2013), General climate science (Anthes, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2011), Climate model validation (Leroy et al., JGR, 2006; Ao et al., J. Geophys. Res, 2015), Atmospheric physics and processes (Schmidt et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2004; Schmidt et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2016) EARTH SCIENCE>ATMOSPHERE>ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE>UPPER AIR TEMPERATURE CHAMP GRACE METOP-A METOP-B BLACKJACK GRAS CHAMP GRACE Metop-A Metop-B BLACKJACK GRAS DIF10 Upper-air Temperature ECV BlackJack COSMIC-1 IGOR GRACE (2 sats) CLIMATE APPLICATIONS: Climate change detection (Ringer and Healy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2008; Lackner et al., J. Clim., 2011; Steiner et al. Radio Sci., 2011; Ao and Hajj, J. Geophys. Res., 2013), General climate science (Anthes, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2011), Climate model validation (Leroy et al., JGR, 2006; Ao et al., J. Geophys. Res, 2015), Atmospheric physics and processes (Schmidt et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2004; Schmidt et al., J. Geophys. Res., 2016) 2020-01-01T00:00:00.00Z series 10577 eng -90.0 -180.0 90.0 -180.0 90.0 180.0 -90.0 180.0 -90.0 -180.0